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Origin
Long head → Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula.
Short head → Tip of coracoid process of scapula.
Insertion
Posterior part of radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis blending with deep fascia of forearm.
Function
Flexes elbow joint.
Supinates forearm (especially when flexed).
Weak flexor of shoulder joint.
Clinical Importance
Biceps reflex → tests C5–C6 segments.
Tendon rupture → “Popeye deformity.”
Tenosynovitis of long head → anterior shoulder pain.
Origin
Tip of coracoid process of scapula.
Insertion
Medial surface, mid-shaft of humerus.
Function
Flexes and adducts arm at shoulder joint.
Clinical Importance
Musculocutaneous nerve pierces it → anatomical landmark.
Hypertrophy/fibrosis may compress the nerve.
Origin
Distal half of anterior surface of humerus and intermuscular septa.
Insertion
Coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna.
Function
Chief flexor of elbow in all positions of forearm.
Clinical Importance
Supplied mainly by musculocutaneous nerve, partly by radial nerve.
Injured in fractures of lower humerus → pain and restricted elbow flexion.
Origin
Long head → Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula.
Lateral head → Posterior surface of humerus above radial groove.
Medial head → Posterior surface of humerus below radial groove.
Insertion
Upper surface of olecranon process of ulna.
Function
Chief extensor of elbow.
Long head also extends and adducts arm at shoulder.
Clinical Importance
Triceps reflex → tests C7–C8.
Paralysis → loss of elbow extension.
Radial nerve injury → triceps weakness and wrist drop.
Origin
Posterior surface of lateral epicondyle of humerus.
Insertion
Lateral surface of olecranon and upper part of ulna.
Function
Assists triceps in elbow extension; stabilizes elbow joint.
Clinical Importance
Supplied by radial nerve.
Acts as protective muscle for posterior elbow capsule.
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