Enhance your knowledge with our comprehensive guide and curated study materials.
Q1. Which vertebra is called vertebra prominens?
→ C7.
Q2. Which vertebral level corresponds to the spine of scapula?
→ T3.
Q3. Inferior angle of scapula corresponds to which vertebra?
→ T7.
Q4. What is Tuffier’s line and its significance?
→ Intercristal line (joining iliac crests) → passes through L4 → landmark for lumbar puncture.
Q5. PSIS dimples correspond to which vertebral level?
→ S2.
Q6. Where is sacral hiatus located and what is its clinical use?
→ Lower end of sacrum; landmark for caudal epidural anesthesia.
Q7. Vertebral level for termination of spinal cord in adults?
→ L1–L2.
Q8. Vertebral level for termination of spinal cord in children?
→ L3.
Q9. Vertebral level corresponding to external occipital protuberance?
→ Level of superior nuchal line attachment; palpable landmark for trapezius.
Q10. Which surface landmark is used for identifying T7 vertebra?
→ Inferior angle of scapula.
Q11. Cutaneous innervation of skin of back is by?
→ Posterior (dorsal) rami of spinal nerves.
Q12. Why is back skin prone to acne?
→ Rich in sebaceous glands.
Q13. What is thoracolumbar fascia?
→ Thickened deep fascia in lumbar region with posterior, middle, anterior layers.
Q14. Clinical importance of thoracolumbar fascia?
→ Provides attachment for latissimus dorsi, transversus abdominis, internal oblique; transmits mechanical stresses.
Q15. Which fascia continues upward as ligamentum nuchae?
→ Deep fascia of cervical region.
Q16. Nerve supply of trapezius?
→ Spinal accessory nerve (motor), C3–C4 ventral rami (sensory).
Q17. How do you clinically test trapezius?
→ Ask patient to shrug shoulders against resistance.
Q18. Action of trapezius in overhead abduction of arm?
→ Upper and lower fibers rotate scapula upward.
Q19. Nerve supply of latissimus dorsi?
→ Thoracodorsal nerve (C6–C8).
Q20. How do you test latissimus dorsi clinically?
→ Ask patient to adduct/extend arm against resistance (as in climbing).
Q21. What is surgical importance of latissimus dorsi?
→ Used in muscle flap for breast reconstruction.
Q22. Nerve supply of levator scapulae and rhomboids?
→ Dorsal scapular nerve.
Q23. Action of rhomboids?
→ Retract and stabilize scapula.
Q24. What happens if dorsal scapular nerve is injured?
→ Lateral displacement of scapula due to rhomboid paralysis.
Q25. Which muscles form posterior axillary fold?
→ Latissimus dorsi and teres major.
Q26. Which muscles form erector spinae group?
→ Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis.
Q27. Which muscles form transversospinalis group?
→ Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores.
Q28. Nerve supply of intrinsic back muscles?
→ Dorsal rami of spinal nerves.
Q29. Main action of erector spinae?
→ Extension of vertebral column.
Q30. Clinical condition due to strain of erector spinae?
→ Lumbago.
Q31. Which muscles stabilize vertebrae during movements?
→ Transversospinalis group.
Q32. Which small segmental muscles assist fine adjustments?
→ Interspinales, intertransversarii, levatores costarum.
Q33. What is Pott’s spine?
→ Tuberculosis of vertebrae producing kyphosis.
Q34. What is scoliosis?
→ Lateral curvature of spine with rotation.
Q35. What is kyphosis?
→ Exaggerated posterior curvature of thoracic spine.
Q36. What is lordosis?
→ Exaggerated anterior curvature of lumbar spine.
Q37. Why does disc herniation cause back pain radiating to limbs?
→ Herniated disc compresses spinal nerve roots.
Q38. What is the nerve lesion in shoulder droop?
→ Accessory nerve → trapezius paralysis.
Q39. What is the nerve lesion in difficulty climbing/rowing?
→ Thoracodorsal nerve → latissimus dorsi paralysis.
Q40. Which nerve is affected in scapular instability (lateral displacement)?
→ Dorsal scapular nerve (rhomboids).
Get the full PDF version of this chapter.
Continue with Google