Topic Overview

✅ Vaccination of Respiratory Infections ⭐ COMPLETE REVISION

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🦠 1. Tuberculosis (TB)

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Vaccine

• BCG (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin)

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Type

• Live attenuated vaccine

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Mechanism of Action (MOA)

• Induces cell-mediated immunity (T-cell response)
• Prevents severe forms (meningitis, miliary TB)

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Age Group

• At birth (UIP schedule)

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Dose & Route

• 0.05 mL (infant), 0.1 mL (older child)
• Intradermal (left upper arm)

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Storage / Stability

• Store at 2–8°C
• Light-sensitive
• Reconstituted vaccine → use within 4–6 hours

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Effectiveness

• Protects against severe childhood TB
• Variable efficacy for pulmonary TB

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🦠 2. Diphtheria

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Vaccine

• DPT / Pentavalent vaccine

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Type

• Toxoid vaccine

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MOA

• Induces antitoxin antibodies
• Neutralizes diphtheria toxin

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Age Group

• 6, 10, 14 weeks
• Booster → 16–24 months, 5 years

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Dose & Route

• 0.5 mL IM

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Storage

• 2–8°C
• Do NOT freeze

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Effectiveness

• Highly effective
• Requires booster doses

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🦠 3. Pertussis

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Vaccine

• DPT (whole-cell or acellular)

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Type

• Killed (whole-cell) / Subunit (acellular)

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MOA

• Induces antibodies against:
  • Pertussis toxin
  • Adhesion factors

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Age Group

• Same as Diphtheria (UIP schedule)

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Dose & Route

• 0.5 mL IM

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Storage

• 2–8°C

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Effectiveness

• Good protection
• Immunity wanes over time → boosters needed

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🦠 4. Measles

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Vaccine

• Measles / MR / MMR

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Type

• Live attenuated vaccine

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MOA

• Induces humoral + cellular immunity

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Age Group

• 9 months (first dose)
• Booster later

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Dose & Route

• 0.5 mL SC

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Storage

• 2–8°C
• Highly heat & light sensitive
• Reconstituted → use within 4–6 hours

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Effectiveness

• ~95% effective after 1 dose
• Nearly 100% after booster

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🦠 5. Influenza

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Vaccine

• Influenza vaccine (Trivalent/Quadrivalent)

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Type

• Killed (inactivated)

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MOA

• Induces antibodies against hemagglutinin (HA)

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Age Group

• >6 months of age
• Annual vaccination

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Dose & Route

• 0.5 mL IM

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Storage

• 2–8°C
• Do NOT freeze

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Effectiveness

• Variable (~40–60%)
• Depends on strain match

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🦠 6. COVID-19

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Vaccine

• Examples:
  • Covishield
  • Covaxin
  • mRNA vaccines

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Type

• Viral vector / Inactivated / mRNA

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MOA

• Induces antibodies against spike protein
• Activates cellular immunity

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Age Group

• Adults & children (as per guidelines)

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Dose & Route

• 0.5 mL IM

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Storage

• 2–8°C (most vaccines)
• mRNA vaccines may require ultra-cold storage

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Effectiveness

• Prevents severe disease & mortality
• Booster doses required

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🦠 7. Pneumococcal Vaccine

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Vaccine

• PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine)

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Type

• Conjugate vaccine

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MOA

• Converts T-independent → T-dependent response
• Strong immunity in children

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Age Group

• Infants (UIP)

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Dose & Route

• 0.5 mL IM

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Storage

• 2–8°C

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Effectiveness

• Prevents:
  • Pneumonia
  • Meningitis

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🦠 8. Rotavirus (Respiratory relevance via child mortality overlap)

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Type

• Live attenuated (oral)

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MOA

• Induces mucosal immunity

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Dose

• Oral drops

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Storage

• 2–8°C

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🔥 SUPER REVISION TABLE (VERY IMPORTANT)

Disease	Vaccine Type	Route	Age	Key Point
TB	Live	ID	Birth	Severe TB prevention
Diphtheria	Toxoid	IM	6–14 weeks	Antitoxin
Pertussis	Killed/Subunit	IM	6–14 weeks	Whooping cough
Measles	Live	SC	9 months	Highly contagious
Influenza	Killed	IM	>6 months	Annual vaccine
COVID-19	mRNA/Inactivated	IM	All age groups	Spike protein
Pneumococcal	Conjugate	IM	Infants	Severe infections

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🚀 ULTRA HIGH-YIELD EXAM POINTS

• Live vaccines → strong immunity, contraindicated in pregnancy
• Toxoid → diphtheria, tetanus
• Conjugate → better in infants
• BCG → ID route (unique)
• OPV → oral (unique)
• Cold chain → 2–8°C (universal rule)