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Q1. What is axilla?
→ A pyramidal space between the upper limb and thoracic wall, transmitting neurovascular structures.
Q2. What forms the apex of axilla?
→ Cervicoaxillary canal: bounded by clavicle (anterior), scapula (posterior), 1st rib (medial).
Q3. What forms the base of axilla?
→ Skin, superficial fascia, axillary fascia.
Q4. What forms the anterior wall of axilla?
→ Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, clavipectoral fascia.
Q5. What forms the posterior wall of axilla?
→ Subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi.
Q6. What forms the medial wall of axilla?
→ Serratus anterior covering ribs and intercostal muscles.
Q7. What forms the lateral wall of axilla?
→ Intertubercular sulcus of humerus.
Q8. What structure maintains hollow of axilla?
→ Suspensory ligament of axilla (clavipectoral fascia).
Q9. What is the relation of axillary artery to axillary vein?
→ Vein lies anteromedial to artery.
Q10. What divides axillary artery into 3 parts?
→ Pectoralis minor.
Q11. Branches of 1st part of axillary artery?
→ Superior thoracic artery.
Q12. Branches of 2nd part of axillary artery?
→ Thoracoacromial and lateral thoracic arteries.
Q13. Branches of 3rd part of axillary artery?
→ Subscapular, anterior circumflex humeral, posterior circumflex humeral.
Q14. Relation of cords of brachial plexus to axillary artery?
→ Lateral cord lateral, medial cord medial, posterior cord posterior.
Q15. Tributaries of axillary vein?
→ Cephalic vein, thoracoacromial vein, lateral thoracic vein, subscapular vein, circumflex humeral veins.
Q16. Clinical importance of axillary vein?
→ Used for central venous access; injury may cause hemorrhage or air embolism.
Q17. Groups of axillary lymph nodes?
→ Pectoral (anterior), subscapular (posterior), humeral (lateral), central, apical.
Q18. Which group drains most of the breast?
→ Pectoral (anterior) nodes.
Q19. Which group drains upper limb lymphatics?
→ Humeral (lateral) nodes.
Q20. Which group drains posterior thoracic wall?
→ Subscapular nodes.
Q21. Where are central nodes located?
→ In axillary fat near base of axilla.
Q22. Where are apical nodes located?
→ Apex of axilla near 1st rib.
Q23. Which lymphatic plexus drains nipple and areola?
→ Subareolar plexus of Sappey.
Q24. What is sentinel lymph node biopsy?
→ Identification and biopsy of first draining node in breast carcinoma.
Q25. Which nodes are first involved in carcinoma breast?
→ Pectoral (anterior) axillary nodes.
Q26. Why can breast carcinoma spread to contralateral breast?
→ Communication via parasternal lymph nodes.
Q27. Why does carcinoma breast metastasize to vertebrae?
→ Via posterior intercostal veins → vertebral venous plexus.
Q28. Which nerve is at risk during axillary clearance?
→ Long thoracic nerve → winged scapula if injured.
Q29. Which nerve must also be preserved in axillary clearance?
→ Thoracodorsal nerve (latissimus dorsi).
Q30. Clinical sign of long thoracic nerve injury?
→ Winging of scapula.
Q31. Clinical sign of axillary nerve injury?
→ Loss of abduction above 15°, loss of sensation over regimental badge area.
Q32. Clinical importance of axillary artery compression?
→ Can be compressed against 1st rib to control bleeding in limb.
Q33. Clinical importance of axillary artery aneurysm?
→ May compress brachial plexus → pain and paresthesia.
Q34. What is thoracic outlet syndrome?
→ Compression of neurovascular bundle in cervicoaxillary canal.
Q35. What is the clinical importance of intercostobrachial nerve?
→ Provides referred pain in angina pectoris to inner arm.
Q36. Which wall of axilla is surgically most important?
→ Anterior wall (site for approach in axillary clearance).
Q37. What is the floor landmark of axilla?
→ Axillary folds.
Q38. Which vein communicates between axillary and superficial epigastric veins?
→ Thoracoepigastric vein.
Q39. Clinical importance of thoracoepigastric vein?
→ Provides collateral pathway in portal hypertension.
Q40. Why is axillary fat important?
→ Fills space, allows movement, and acts as cushion for vessels and nerves.
Q41. What is root value of brachial plexus?
→ C5–T1.
Q42. What trunks are formed?
→ Upper (C5–C6), Middle (C7), Lower (C8–T1).
Q43. Each trunk divides into?
→ Anterior and posterior divisions.
Q44. How are cords named?
→ In relation to axillary artery.
Q45. Terminal branches of brachial plexus?
→ Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar.
Q46. Branches from roots?
→ Dorsal scapular, Long thoracic.
Q47. Branches from trunks?
→ Suprascapular, Nerve to subclavius.
Q48. Branches from lateral cord?
→ Lateral pectoral, Musculocutaneous, Lateral root of median.
Q49. Branches from medial cord?
→ Medial pectoral, Medial cutaneous of arm, Medial cutaneous of forearm, Medial root of median, Ulnar.
Q50. Branches from posterior cord?
→ Upper subscapular, Lower subscapular, Thoracodorsal, Axillary, Radial.
Q51. Largest branch of brachial plexus?
→ Radial nerve.
Q52. Which nerve supplies serratus anterior?
→ Long thoracic nerve.
Q53. Which nerve supplies deltoid?
→ Axillary nerve.
Q54. Which nerve supplies latissimus dorsi?
→ Thoracodorsal nerve.
Q55. Which nerve supplies subscapularis?
→ Upper and lower subscapular nerves.
Q56. Which nerve injury produces wrist drop?
→ Radial nerve.
Q57. Which nerve injury produces ape thumb deformity?
→ Median nerve.
Q58. Which nerve injury produces claw hand?
→ Ulnar nerve.
Q59. Which nerve injury produces winged scapula?
→ Long thoracic nerve.
Q60. Which nerve injury produces regimental badge anesthesia?
→ Axillary nerve.
Q61. What is Erb’s palsy?
→ Injury to upper trunk (C5–C6) → waiter’s tip deformity.
Q62. What is Klumpke’s palsy?
→ Injury to lower trunk (C8–T1) → claw hand, ± Horner’s syndrome.
Q63. What is Saturday night palsy?
→ Radial nerve compression in axilla → wrist drop.
Q64. Clinical importance of brachial plexus block?
→ Produces anesthesia of upper limb below shoulder.
Q65. Why is axillary artery aneurysm dangerous?
→ Compresses brachial plexus → pain, paresthesia, weakness of limb.
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