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Q1. What forms the anterior boundary of axilla?
→ Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, and clavipectoral fascia.
Q2. Which fascia forms the suspensory ligament of axilla?
→ Clavipectoral fascia.
Q3. Which muscle divides the axillary artery into three parts?
→ Pectoralis minor.
Q4. Name the muscle supplied by both medial and lateral pectoral nerves.
→ Pectoralis major.
Q5. What is the nerve supply of pectoralis minor?
→ Medial pectoral nerve.
Q6. Which muscle protects subclavian vessels during fracture of clavicle?
→ Subclavius.
Q7. Which nerve supplies serratus anterior?
→ Long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7).
Q8. What happens when the long thoracic nerve is injured?
→ Paralysis of serratus anterior → winging of scapula, inability to abduct arm above 90°.
Q9. What are the contents of the clavipectoral fascia?
→ Cephalic vein, thoracoacromial vessels, lymphatics from breast, lateral pectoral nerve.
Q10. What is the clinical significance of pectoralis major in breast surgery?
→ Serves as a landmark in mastectomy; tumor infiltration into muscle fixes breast to chest wall.
Q11. What is Poland’s syndrome?
→ Congenital absence of sternocostal head of pectoralis major with ipsilateral hand anomalies.
Q12. Which nerve is at risk during axillary lymph node dissection?
→ Long thoracic nerve (causing winged scapula if damaged).
Q13. What forms the anterior axillary fold?
→ Lower border of pectoralis major.
Q14. What is the extent of the breast?
→ Vertically: 2nd to 6th rib. Horizontally: sternum to mid-axillary line.
Q15. Which lymph nodes receive most of the breast lymphatics?
→ Axillary nodes (especially anterior/pectoral group).
Q16. What causes peau d’orange appearance in carcinoma breast?
→ Obstruction of cutaneous lymphatics.
Q17. Which ligament causes dimpling of breast in carcinoma?
→ Suspensory ligaments of Cooper.
Q18. What is the clinical importance of retromammary space?
→ Allows mobility of breast; infiltration in carcinoma → fixation to chest wall.
Q19. Which artery is a major supplier of the breast?
→ Internal thoracic artery (perforating branches).
Q20. Which vein connects breast veins to vertebral venous plexus → vertebral metastasis?
→ Posterior intercostal veins.
Q21. What structures form the posterior axillary fold?
→ Latissimus dorsi and teres major.
Q22. Which vein runs in the deltopectoral groove?
→ Cephalic vein.
Q23. Name the main branches of the thoracoacromial artery.
→ Pectoral, deltoid, clavicular, acromial.
Q24. Which muscle is called the “boxer’s muscle”?
→ Serratus anterior (used in punching and pushing).
Q25. Why does injury to long thoracic nerve cause winging of scapula?
→ Because serratus anterior cannot hold medial border of scapula against thoracic wall.
Q26. Which structure pierces the clavipectoral fascia along with cephalic vein?
→ Thoracoacromial artery (and lymphatics from breast, lateral pectoral nerve).
Q27. Which part of breast is most prone to carcinoma?
→ Upper outer quadrant (contains axillary tail).
Q28. What is the significance of the axillary tail of Spence?
→ It extends into axilla and may harbor carcinoma, palpable as an axillary lump.
Q29. What is the nerve supply of subclavius?
→ Nerve to subclavius (C5, C6).
Q30. Which fascia is continuous with axillary fascia?
→ Pectoral fascia.
Q31. What is the extent of nipple position in males and nulliparous females?
→ Usually in 4th intercostal space, 10 cm from midline.
Q32. Which veins connect breast to intracranial venous sinuses, leading to cranial metastasis?
→ Lateral thoracic vein ↔ axillary vein ↔ vertebral venous plexus.
Q33. Which nerve supply is responsible for nipple sensation?
→ 4th intercostal nerve.
Q34. What is the surgical importance of retromammary space?
→ Used in insertion of breast implants.
Q35. What is the suspensory ligament of axilla derived from?
→ Clavipectoral fascia.
Q36. What clinical condition is characterized by absence of sternocostal part of pectoralis major?
→ Poland’s syndrome.
Q37. Which axillary lymph node group is first affected in breast carcinoma?
→ Anterior (pectoral) group.
Q38. What causes nipple displacement in breast carcinoma?
→ Fibrosis and traction of lactiferous ducts.
Q39. Which muscle is enclosed between the two layers of clavipectoral fascia?
→ Pectoralis minor.
Q40. Which congenital anomaly may present as an extra nipple along the milk line?
→ Polythelia.
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