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1. What is the mediastinum?
→ The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity lying between the right and left pleural sacs. It contains all thoracic organs except the lungs and pleura.
2. What are the boundaries of the mediastinum?
→
Anterior: Sternum
Posterior: Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12)
Superior: Thoracic inlet
Inferior: Diaphragm
Lateral: Mediastinal pleura of lungs
3. How is the mediastinum divided?
→ By a transverse plane from the sternal angle to the lower border of T4 vertebra into:
Superior mediastinum (above)
Inferior mediastinum (below) — which is subdivided into anterior, middle, and posterior parts.
4. What are the main contents of the superior mediastinum?
→ Thymus, brachiocephalic veins, SVC, arch of aorta with branches, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, vagus and phrenic nerves, and cardiac plexus.
5. What lies at the level of the sternal angle (Angle of Louis)?
→
Division of trachea into bronchi (carina)
Beginning and end of arch of aorta
Division of mediastinum into superior and inferior
Crossing of azygos vein over right lung root
6. What are the parts of the inferior mediastinum?
→ Anterior (in front of pericardium), Middle (with pericardium and heart), Posterior (behind pericardium).
7. What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum?
→ Loose areolar tissue, remnants of thymus, lymph nodes, small vessels, and sternopericardial ligaments.
8. What is found in the middle mediastinum?
→ Heart and pericardium, roots of great vessels, phrenic nerves, pericardiacophrenic vessels, main bronchi, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
9. What are the structures in the posterior mediastinum?
→ Descending thoracic aorta, azygos and hemiazygos veins, thoracic duct, esophagus, vagus nerves, sympathetic trunks, and splanchnic nerves.
10. What is the function of the mediastinum?
→ It forms a mobile partition between the two pleural cavities, allowing movement during respiration and transmitting vital structures between neck, thorax, and abdomen.
11. What is the thymus and where is it located?
→ The thymus is a lymphoid organ located in the superior and anterior mediastinum; it’s large in infants and atrophies after puberty.
12. What are the main branches of the arch of aorta?
→
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
13. What is the thoracic duct?
→ The main lymphatic channel of the body that begins at the cisterna chyli (L1–L2) and ends at the junction of left subclavian and internal jugular veins.
14. What are the levels of diaphragm openings related to mediastinum?
→
T8 → Inferior vena cava
T10 → Esophagus
T12 → Aorta
(Mnemonic: “I Ate 10 Eggs At 12”)
15. What is the position of the vagus and phrenic nerves relative to the lung roots?
→
Phrenic nerves pass anterior to lung roots.
Vagus nerves pass posterior to lung roots.
16. What is the clinical importance of the phrenic nerve in the mediastinum?
→ Supplies motor fibers to the diaphragm; injury causes diaphragmatic paralysis. Also carries sensory fibers from pericardium, causing referred pain to shoulder tip (C4).
17. What is the function of the pericardium?
→ The fibroserous sac enclosing the heart; fixes it in position, prevents over-distension, and allows frictionless movements during contraction.
18. What is cardiac tamponade?
→ Compression of the heart due to fluid accumulation in pericardial cavity, impairing filling and causing hypotension and venous congestion.
19. How is pericardiocentesis performed?
→ Needle inserted through the left 5th intercostal space near sternum to aspirate pericardial fluid, avoiding injury to coronary arteries.
20. What are the major branches of the descending thoracic aorta?
→ Posterior intercostal, subcostal, bronchial, esophageal, pericardial, and mediastinal branches.
21. What is the azygos system of veins?
→ A network that drains thoracic walls and forms a collateral pathway between SVC and IVC, especially during SVC obstruction.
22. What are the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins?
→
Hemiazygos vein: drains lower left thoracic wall.
Accessory hemiazygos vein: drains upper left thoracic wall.
Both cross to join the azygos vein on the right.
23. What are the splanchnic nerves?
→ Preganglionic sympathetic nerves from thoracic sympathetic ganglia that supply abdominal viscera.
Greater (T5–T9) → Celiac ganglion
Lesser (T10–T11) → Aorticorenal ganglion
Least (T12) → Renal plexus
24. What is the importance of the ligamentum arteriosum?
→ Remnant of ductus arteriosus, connecting the arch of aorta to the left pulmonary artery; the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around it.
25. What is mediastinal widening?
→ An abnormal broadening seen on chest X-ray, caused by aortic aneurysm, lymphadenopathy, or tumors.
26. What is mediastinal emphysema?
→ Entry of air into the mediastinum following trauma or alveolar rupture, producing crepitus (crackling) under skin.
27. What is mediastinitis?
→ Infection and inflammation of the mediastinum, often following esophageal perforation or surgery, leading to chest pain and fever.
28. What is chylothorax?
→ Leakage of chyle into pleural cavity due to injury of thoracic duct, producing milky pleural effusion.
29. What is SVC syndrome?
→ Obstruction of the superior vena cava causing facial swelling, cyanosis, and dilated chest veins, usually from carcinoma or lymph node enlargement.
30. What is an aortic aneurysm?
→ Dilation of aortic wall that may compress trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve; can rupture and cause fatal hemorrhage.
31. What is the importance of the azygos vein in collateral circulation?
→ It provides an alternate route for venous return from lower to upper body when SVC or IVC is blocked.
32. What is a thymoma and where does it occur?
→ Tumor of the thymus gland located in the anterior mediastinum; often associated with myasthenia gravis.
33. What is a retrosternal goitre?
→ Enlargement of thyroid tissue extending into the superior or anterior mediastinum, compressing trachea and great veins.
34. What is the common cause of hoarseness in aortic aneurysm?
→ Compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve under the arch of aorta.
35. What are the common tumors of the anterior mediastinum?
→ Remember the “4 Ts”: Thymoma, Teratoma, Thyroid mass, Terrible lymphoma.
36. What is the significance of the thoracic duct in surgery?
→ Damage to the duct during thoracic or neck surgery causes chyle leakage, leading to nutrient loss and immune compromise.
37. What is the function of sympathetic trunks in the posterior mediastinum?
→ Carry preganglionic sympathetic fibers that regulate heart rate, bronchial tone, and blood vessel diameter.
38. What is Horner’s syndrome and how can it relate to the mediastinum?
→ Due to compression of sympathetic chain (posterior mediastinum), leading to ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis.
39. What is the carina and what is its significance?
→ A cartilaginous ridge at tracheal bifurcation (T4); its deviation or widening suggests subcarinal lymph node enlargement.
40. What is the clinical use of mediastinoscopy?
→ Endoscopic examination of mediastinum through a small incision above sternum for biopsy of lymph nodes or masses.
41. How can infections from the neck spread to mediastinum?
→ Through loose connective tissue that is continuous from cervical fascia into the mediastinum — may cause descending mediastinitis.
42. What is a hiatal hernia?
→ Protrusion of stomach through esophageal hiatus (T10) into posterior mediastinum, causing reflux and retrosternal pain.
43. What structures are related anteriorly to esophagus in mediastinum?
→ Trachea (above), pericardium (middle), left atrium (below).
44. What passes posterior to the root of the right lung?
→ Right vagus nerve, azygos vein, and esophagus.
45. What passes posterior to the root of the left lung?
→ Left vagus nerve, descending thoracic aorta, and esophagus.
46. What is the significance of pericardial sinuses?
→ The transverse and oblique pericardial sinuses are spaces in pericardial cavity important in cardiac surgery for isolating great vessels.
47. Why is the mediastinum considered mobile?
→ Because it moves with respiration, cardiac contractions, and positional changes, allowing expansion of lungs and heart.
48. What are the causes of mediastinal pain?
→ Inflammation of pericardium, esophagus, or diaphragmatic pleura, often radiating to neck and shoulder.
49. Which nerve carries referred pain from pericardium?
→ Phrenic nerve (C3–C5) — pain felt over shoulder tip.
50. What is the importance of mediastinal anatomy in radiology?
→ Helps localize pathology (tumors, lymph nodes, vascular enlargements) into specific compartments — essential for CT and MRI diagnosis.
1. The mediastinum lies between:
A. Two lungs
B. Two pleural sacs
C. Two pericardia
D. Two lobes of lung
✅ Answer: B. Two pleural sacs
2. The upper limit of the mediastinum is:
A. Diaphragm
B. Thoracic inlet
C. Sternal angle
D. Apex of lung
✅ Answer: B. Thoracic inlet
3. The lower limit of the mediastinum is:
A. Thoracic inlet
B. Diaphragm
C. T4 vertebra
D. Costal margin
✅ Answer: B. Diaphragm
4. The plane of sternal angle passes through:
A. Upper border of T2
B. Lower border of T4
C. T5 vertebra
D. T6 vertebra
✅ Answer: B. Lower border of T4
5. The mediastinum is divided into superior and inferior parts by:
A. Thoracic inlet
B. Transverse thoracic plane at sternal angle
C. Diaphragm
D. T8 vertebra
✅ Answer: B. Transverse thoracic plane at sternal angle
6. The inferior mediastinum is subdivided into:
A. Two parts
B. Three parts
C. Four parts
D. Five parts
✅ Answer: B. Three parts
7. The anterior mediastinum lies:
A. Behind the vertebral column
B. In front of the pericardium
C. Behind the pericardium
D. Between the lungs
✅ Answer: B. In front of the pericardium
8. The middle mediastinum contains:
A. Heart
B. Descending aorta
C. Thymus
D. Esophagus
✅ Answer: A. Heart
9. The posterior mediastinum lies:
A. Behind the pericardium
B. In front of the sternum
C. Between lungs
D. Between pleural cavities
✅ Answer: A. Behind the pericardium
10. The superior mediastinum extends up to:
A. T2 vertebra
B. T4 vertebra
C. T6 vertebra
D. T8 vertebra
✅ Answer: B. T4 vertebra
11. The thymus is located in:
A. Posterior mediastinum
B. Superior and anterior mediastinum
C. Middle mediastinum
D. Lateral thoracic wall
✅ Answer: B. Superior and anterior mediastinum
12. The arch of aorta lies at the level of:
A. Sternal angle (T4)
B. Xiphisternal joint
C. Suprasternal notch
D. T8 vertebra
✅ Answer: A. Sternal angle (T4)
13. The main veins of superior mediastinum are:
A. Brachiocephalic veins and SVC
B. Azygos and hemiazygos
C. Pulmonary veins
D. Jugular veins
✅ Answer: A. Brachiocephalic veins and SVC
14. The trachea bifurcates into bronchi at:
A. C6
B. T2
C. Sternal angle (T4)
D. Xiphisternal joint
✅ Answer: C. Sternal angle (T4)
15. The esophagus lies in which mediastinum?
A. Superior only
B. Posterior only
C. Superior and posterior
D. Middle only
✅ Answer: C. Superior and posterior
16. The thoracic duct ascends between:
A. Esophagus and vertebral column
B. Aorta and azygos vein
C. Trachea and esophagus
D. Phrenic and vagus nerves
✅ Answer: B. Aorta and azygos vein
17. The phrenic nerve passes:
A. Anterior to lung root
B. Posterior to lung root
C. Through lung hilum
D. Behind trachea
✅ Answer: A. Anterior to lung root
18. The vagus nerve passes:
A. Anterior to lung root
B. Posterior to lung root
C. Along pericardium
D. In front of heart
✅ Answer: B. Posterior to lung root
19. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around:
A. Right subclavian artery
B. Left pulmonary artery
C. Arch of aorta
D. Ascending aorta
✅ Answer: C. Arch of aorta
20. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around:
A. Aorta
B. Right subclavian artery
C. Pulmonary artery
D. Esophagus
✅ Answer: B. Right subclavian artery
21. The descending thoracic aorta lies:
A. Right of midline
B. Left of midline
C. In front of esophagus
D. Behind azygos vein
✅ Answer: B. Left of midline
22. The azygos vein arches over the root of:
A. Left lung
B. Right lung
C. Both lungs
D. None
✅ Answer: B. Right lung
23. The thoracic duct opens into:
A. Right subclavian vein
B. Left subclavian vein
C. Junction of left internal jugular and subclavian veins
D. SVC
✅ Answer: C. Junction of left internal jugular and subclavian veins
24. The sympathetic trunk lies in:
A. Anterior mediastinum
B. Middle mediastinum
C. Posterior mediastinum
D. Superior mediastinum
✅ Answer: C. Posterior mediastinum
25. The greater splanchnic nerve arises from:
A. T1–T4
B. T5–T9
C. T10–T11
D. T12
✅ Answer: B. T5–T9
26. The lesser splanchnic nerve arises from:
A. T5–T9
B. T10–T11
C. T12
D. T1–T4
✅ Answer: B. T10–T11
27. The least splanchnic nerve arises from:
A. T12
B. T11
C. T10
D. T9
✅ Answer: A. T12
28. The ligamentum arteriosum connects:
A. Pulmonary trunk to aorta
B. Aorta to SVC
C. Aorta to pulmonary veins
D. Pericardium to diaphragm
✅ Answer: A. Pulmonary trunk to aorta
29. The pericardium is supplied by:
A. Phrenic nerve
B. Vagus nerve
C. Intercostal nerve
D. Both A and B
✅ Answer: A. Phrenic nerve
30. Pericardiocentesis is done through:
A. Left 5th intercostal space close to sternum
B. Right 3rd intercostal space
C. Midclavicular line
D. Suprasternal notch
✅ Answer: A. Left 5th intercostal space close to sternum
31. The pericardial cavity contains:
A. Air
B. Blood
C. Lubricating fluid
D. Lymph
✅ Answer: C. Lubricating fluid
32. The fibrous pericardium is attached to:
A. Central tendon of diaphragm
B. Sternum
C. Great vessels
D. All of the above
✅ Answer: D. All of the above
33. The main nerve supply to diaphragm is:
A. Vagus
B. Phrenic
C. Intercostal
D. Splanchnic
✅ Answer: B. Phrenic
34. Pain from pericardium is referred to:
A. Neck
B. Shoulder tip
C. Abdomen
D. Back
✅ Answer: B. Shoulder tip
35. The mediastinum contains all except:
A. Heart
B. Esophagus
C. Lungs
D. Trachea
✅ Answer: C. Lungs
36. The thymus is derived from:
A. First pharyngeal pouch
B. Second pharyngeal pouch
C. Third pharyngeal pouch
D. Fourth pharyngeal pouch
✅ Answer: C. Third pharyngeal pouch
37. The thoracic duct begins from:
A. Cistern chyli
B. Left subclavian vein
C. Esophagus
D. Aorta
✅ Answer: A. Cistern chyli
38. The posterior intercostal arteries arise from:
A. Ascending aorta
B. Descending thoracic aorta
C. Internal thoracic artery
D. Axillary artery
✅ Answer: B. Descending thoracic aorta
39. The trachea is related posteriorly to:
A. Esophagus
B. Aorta
C. Pericardium
D. Vertebral column
✅ Answer: A. Esophagus
40. The azygos vein drains into:
A. Right atrium
B. SVC
C. IVC
D. Pulmonary vein
✅ Answer: B. SVC
41. The recurrent laryngeal nerves are branches of:
A. Phrenic
B. Vagus
C. Sympathetic trunk
D. Hypoglossal
✅ Answer: B. Vagus
42. The pericardium surrounds:
A. Trachea
B. Heart
C. Esophagus
D. Aorta only
✅ Answer: B. Heart
43. The descending aorta passes through diaphragm at:
A. T8
B. T10
C. T12
D. L1
✅ Answer: C. T12
44. The esophagus passes through diaphragm at:
A. T8
B. T10
C. T12
D. L1
✅ Answer: B. T10
45. The inferior vena cava passes through diaphragm at:
A. T8
B. T10
C. T12
D. L1
✅ Answer: A. T8
46. The azygos vein serves as:
A. Arterial collateral
B. Venous collateral between SVC and IVC
C. Lymphatic drainage
D. None
✅ Answer: B. Venous collateral between SVC and IVC
47. The carina is located at:
A. T3
B. T4
C. T5
D. T6
✅ Answer: B. T4
48. The nerve that supplies parasympathetic fibers to thoracic viscera is:
A. Vagus
B. Sympathetic trunk
C. Phrenic
D. Intercostal
✅ Answer: A. Vagus
49. Which of the following is not in the posterior mediastinum?
A. Esophagus
B. Descending aorta
C. Thymus
D. Thoracic duct
✅ Answer: C. Thymus
50. Which of the following is a common tumor of the anterior mediastinum?
A. Thymoma
B. Neurofibroma
C. Schwannoma
D. Lipoma
✅ Answer: A. Thymoma
Q1. What is the mediastinum?
→ It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity lying between the two pleural sacs, containing all thoracic viscera except the lungs.
Q2. What are the boundaries of the mediastinum?
→ Anterior: Sternum
Posterior: Thoracic vertebrae
Superior: Thoracic inlet
Inferior: Diaphragm
Lateral: Mediastinal pleura of both lungs
Q3. How is the mediastinum divided anatomically?
→ By a plane from the sternal angle to the lower border of T4 vertebra into:
Superior mediastinum (above)
Inferior mediastinum (below), which has three parts — anterior, middle, and posterior.
Q4. What are the contents of the superior mediastinum?
→ Thymus, great veins (brachiocephalic, SVC), arch of aorta and its branches, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, vagus and phrenic nerves.
Q5. What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum?
→ Remnants of thymus, loose areolar tissue, lymph nodes, sternopericardial ligaments, and small branches of internal thoracic vessels.
Q6. What is found in the middle mediastinum?
→ Pericardium, heart, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, SVC, phrenic nerves, pericardiacophrenic vessels, main bronchi.
Q7. What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?
→ Descending thoracic aorta, azygos and hemiazygos veins, thoracic duct, esophagus, vagus nerves, sympathetic trunks, and splanchnic nerves.
Q8. What is the function of the mediastinum?
→ It serves as a mobile partition between the lungs, housing vital organs and providing a passage for structures between the neck, thorax, and abdomen.
Q9. What are the levels of diaphragm openings and what pass through them?
→
T8: Inferior vena cava
T10: Esophagus
T12: Aorta
(Mnemonic: “I ate 10 eggs at 12”)
Q10. What structures lie at the level of the sternal angle?
→
Division of trachea into bronchi (carina)
Beginning and end of arch of aorta
Entry of azygos vein into SVC
Division of mediastinum into superior and inferior parts
Q11. What is the relation of phrenic and vagus nerves to the lung root?
→
Phrenic nerve: Anterior to lung root
Vagus nerve: Posterior to lung root
Q12. What is the nerve supply of pericardium?
→ Phrenic nerve (sensory) and sympathetic branches (vasomotor).
Q13. What is the function of the pericardium?
→ It encloses and fixes the heart, prevents over-distension, and allows frictionless cardiac movements.
Q14. What is the most common tumor of the anterior mediastinum?
→ Thymoma — a tumor of the thymus gland.
Q15. What are the “4 Ts” of anterior mediastinal tumors?
→ Thymoma, Teratoma, Thyroid mass, Terrible lymphoma.
Q16. What is mediastinal widening and what causes it?
→ Abnormal broadening of the mediastinal shadow on X-ray, caused by aortic aneurysm, tumors, lymphadenopathy, or hemorrhage.
Q17. What is mediastinal shift?
→ Displacement of mediastinal structures due to unequal lung pressures:
Toward lesion → in lung collapse.
Away from lesion → in pneumothorax or pleural effusion.
Q18. What is superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome?
→ Obstruction of SVC causes facial and neck swelling, cyanosis, and dilated chest veins, commonly due to bronchogenic carcinoma.
Q19. What is aortic aneurysm?
→ Dilation of aortic wall that may compress trachea (dyspnea), esophagus (dysphagia), and left recurrent laryngeal nerve (hoarseness).
Q20. What is pericardial effusion?
→ Collection of fluid in pericardial cavity, which may compress the heart causing cardiac tamponade.
Q21. How is pericardiocentesis performed?
→ Needle is inserted in left 5th intercostal space near sternum to drain fluid without injuring coronary vessels.
Q22. What is mediastinal emphysema?
→ Entry of air into the mediastinum due to alveolar or tracheal rupture, causing subcutaneous crepitus in neck and chest.
Q23. What is mediastinitis?
→ Inflammation or infection of mediastinal tissues, often secondary to esophageal perforation or surgery, producing chest pain and fever.
Q24. What is chylothorax?
→ Leakage of lymph (chyle) into pleural cavity following injury to thoracic duct, producing milky pleural effusion.
Q25. What is the thoracic duct and where does it end?
→ The main lymphatic duct of the body; it ends at the junction of left internal jugular and subclavian veins.
Q26. What is the azygos vein and its significance?
→ A vein in the posterior mediastinum forming a collateral pathway between SVC and IVC, especially important during venous obstruction.
Q27. What are the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins?
→ They are left-sided counterparts of azygos vein draining thoracic wall and crossing to join it at T9 and T8 levels, respectively.
Q28. What is the course of esophagus in the mediastinum?
→ Passes posterior to trachea and heart, pierces diaphragm at T10, and continues as stomach.
Q29. What are the compressions on esophagus in thorax?
→
Arch of aorta
Left main bronchus
Left atrium (posterior surface)
Diaphragm (at T10 opening)
Q30. What is the nerve supply of esophagus?
→ Parasympathetic fibers from vagus nerve, sympathetic fibers from thoracic sympathetic chain.
Q31. What is Horner’s syndrome?
→ Caused by compression of sympathetic chain in posterior mediastinum; presents with ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis on the affected side.
Q32. What is the importance of the phrenic nerve in referred pain?
→ Pain from pericardium or diaphragmatic pleura is referred to shoulder tip (C4 dermatome) via the phrenic nerve.
Q33. What is the “Angle of Louis” and its importance?
→ The sternal angle (between manubrium and body of sternum) marks:
Division of mediastinum
Level of tracheal bifurcation
Start/end of aortic arch
Q34. What are the relations of heart in mediastinum?
→
Anteriorly: Sternum and anterior mediastinum
Posteriorly: Esophagus and descending aorta
Laterally: Lungs
Inferiorly: Diaphragm
Q35. What is the function of splanchnic nerves?
→ Carry preganglionic sympathetic fibers to abdominal ganglia — celiac, aorticorenal, and renal plexuses.
Q36. What is the origin of the thymus?
→ From the third pharyngeal pouch, descends into the superior and anterior mediastinum.
Q37. What happens to the thymus after puberty?
→ It atrophies and is replaced by fat, though remnants persist in the anterior mediastinum.
Q38. What are the structures forming the cardiac silhouette on X-ray?
→ Mainly the heart and great vessels in the middle mediastinum.
Q39. What is the relation between trachea and esophagus in mediastinum?
→ Esophagus lies posterior to trachea.
Q40. Why is the mediastinum called a mobile partition?
→ Because it moves with respiration and cardiac activity, allowing expansion of lungs and heart without friction.
Q41. What are the dangers of posterior mediastinal tumors?
→ They may compress aorta, esophagus, or sympathetic chain, causing dysphagia, pain, or Horner’s syndrome.
Q42. What is the carina and what does its displacement indicate?
→ The ridge at tracheal bifurcation (T4) — its displacement indicates subcarinal lymph node enlargement.
Q43. What structures can cause dysphagia due to compression?
→ Arch of aorta, left bronchus, left atrium, posterior mediastinal tumors.
Q44. How can infection from neck spread to mediastinum?
→ Through loose connective tissue continuous from the neck’s deep fascia into mediastinal areolar tissue.
Q45. What is the clinical importance of knowing mediastinal compartments?
→ Helps localize tumors, lymph nodes, and vascular pathologies on imaging and during surgery.
Q46. What is the pericardial cavity?
→ The potential space between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium, containing a thin film of lubricating fluid.
Q47. What is cardiac tamponade?
→ Compression of heart due to accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity, leading to impaired ventricular filling and circulatory collapse.
Q48. What is mediastinoscopy and its use?
→ A diagnostic endoscopic procedure to visualize and biopsy mediastinal lymph nodes or masses, especially in suspected malignancies.
Q49. What are the three major structures passing through the diaphragm from mediastinum to abdomen?
→ IVC (T8), Esophagus (T10), Aorta (T12).
Q50. What is the most important clinical landmark of mediastinum?
→ The sternal angle (Angle of Louis) — used to identify levels of tracheal bifurcation, aortic arch, and mediastinal divisions.
These viva questions summarize the key anatomical, functional, and clinical aspects of the mediastinum, making them highly useful for practical exams and oral assessments in anatomy and clinical discussions.
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